The Three Forms of Reasoning: Deductive, Inductive, and Abductive

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Abductive Reasoning

Abductive reasoning is intuitive. It doesn’t follow a form. Some have tried to give it a form, but not in a rational way. Intuition can be a gut feeling. It can be a hunch. It can be an inner voice or a vision. It can come in a dream or an inspired statement.

Intuition can come from one of three sources and can be a mix of two or three of these sources.

• God (divine revelation)
• the deceitful and desperately wicked human mind
• demonic principalities and powers who deceive you and desire your ultimate destruction.

God can speak to you through intuition. When He speaks to you through intuition, He provides the discernment to know it is God Who is speaking.

The Three Forms of Reasoning: Deductive, Inductive, and Abductive

Abductive reasoning is the only form of reasoning that can tell you the Bible is God’s word without error. The Holy Spirit must reveal that fact to you, and then you know.

Deductive reasoning requires true premises, but the only source of true premises is divine revelation through abductive reasoning. Most people try to use deductive reasoning by starting with made-up stuff, so they end up with made-up stuff. The problem with inductive reasoning is that it can never lead to absolute truth. Neither of these can lead to certainty unless you start with divine revelation and add nothing to that divine revelation.

God’s promise is this: If you sincerely seek Him, you will find Him. (Hebrews 11:6) All who seek Christ will find Christ. If you ask Him for Christ, He won’t give you something else. (Matthew 7:9-11) If you try to continue in your own ways, seek your own reasoning, or follow some form of the occult plus seek Christ and His wisdom, you will receive nothing from the Lord. You have to make a decision.

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Science uses inductive reasoning–not deductive reasoning

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Inductive Reasoning

Science relies on inductive reasoning rather than deductive reasoning. Induction reasons from multiple known facts to a tentative conclusion. Inductive reasoning must also start with truth or the reasoning is unsound. Inductive reasoning never leads to true conclusions. It can lead to convincing guesses. It can be useful for decision-making when you don’t know what to do. Science uses inductive reasoning. Many types of inductive reasoning exist. I’ll quote from Real Faith & Reason Volume One to give an overview of types of inductive reasoning. You’ll see some forms of inductive reasoning are more reliable than others:

Inductive Generalization:
All the people I have known prefer Fords. Therefore, all people prefer Fords.

Statistical Syllogism:
Our historical records show it rains the following day twenty percent of the time whenever we have the current atmospheric conditions. Therefore, we have a 20% chance of rain tomorrow.

Simple Induction:
Twenty-seven years ago, I was a Christian, and I prayed that God would answer my question about why He decided to send the Genesis Flood. Since I didn’t receive an answer I couldn’t argue against, I conclude God doesn’t exist.

Argument from Analogy:
Rats are similar in some ways to humans. We tested our drug on rats and haven’t seen any adverse effects. Therefore, it’s less likely that our drug will have adverse effects on humans.

Causal Inference:
Some people believe natural selection caused some evolutionary changes. They believe other factors caused other evolutionary changes. Therefore, molecules-to-humanity evolution happened.

Argument from Prediction:
If it’s raining outside, I would expect the sidewalk to be wet.The sidewalk is wet.
Therefore, it’s raining outside.
Notice that both of these are fallacies.

Bayesian Inference:
You are testing which of two hypotheses are more probable. You compare the two timelines, the Biblical timeline and the evolutionistic timeline. Assume the Biblical timeline probability is near zero. Assume the evolutionistic timeline probability is near 100%. Feed those two probabilities into your Bayesian formula. Calculate. You infer the evolutionistic timeline is much more probable than the Biblical timeline. You can also reverse the assumptions to come to the opposite conclusion.

Inductive Inference:
Over decades of use, hydroxychloroquine has proven safe if taken in the recommended doses. Several doctors successfully treated hundreds of CCP-virus-infected patients using Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, and zinc. Nations that used Hydroxychloroquine as part of their treatment for the CCP virus have had much less death than nations that haven’t used hydroxychloroquine. Therefore, you can infer that hydroxychloroquine may be an effective treatment for CCP virus. Therefore, you can infer that tens of thousands may have died unnecessarily because of the actions of the deep state, the news media, and the tech giants in suppressing the use of hydroxychloroquine.

Reading through these examples, it’s clear that inductive reasoning isn’t a way to reason to true premises. You can’t rely on inductive reasoning to find facts. If you have true premises and valid form, the conclusion could still be false. That doesn’t mean inductive reasoning isn’t valuable. God provided inductive reasoning. It can help you to survive until you achieve maturity in Christ. If you yield to the Holy Spirit, He will guide your inductive reasoning.

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Deduction reasons from known true facts to a true conclusion.

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Deductive Reasoning

Deduction reasons from known true facts to a true conclusion. It must start with truth to be sound. The starting point is called the premise. Deduction can have more than one premise, but all premises must be true. The true premise proves a conclusion. The conclusion is also true because the premises are true and the form is valid.

Valid form is too much to cover in this post. In essence, valid form means you have not added to the truth nor have you diminished the truth in any way. You must have proved the truth to begin with. In other words, you need true premises or deductive reasoning is unsound. Sound deductive reasoning leads to knowledge of the truth.

Example:

God reveals He knows all things, He can’t lie, and He provides all knowledge and discernment. He says everyone who seeks Him will find Him through Jesus Christ and His Spirit will then teach all who seek Him and yield to His Spirit.

I’m learning to seek God and yield myself to His Spirit.

Therefore, God’s Spirit is teaching me and God is providing knowledge and discernment to the extent I’m able to yield to Him.

What God reveals is true. What God reveals provides a true premise. Therefore, you have a true premise when you acknowledge what God reveals to you. There are many false arguments against divine revelation and for Rationalism. If you seek God’s mind, He will guide your deductive reasoning.

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Skeptics choose to reject Christ. They know.

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Premise: By divine revelation, I know Jesus Christ speaks to anyone who seeks Him in sincerity and with persistence. All who seek Him find Him. He speaks through Scripture and the many means of divine revelation mentioned in Scripture. When He speaks, He will impart His faith to whoever seeks Him. That faith is evidence, meaning absolutely certain proof. (proved by revelation)

Conclusion: Therefore, if you seek Him in sincerity and with persistence, He will reveal Himself to you and speak to you, and you will know He exists.

I can’t tell you how many skeptics I’ve invited to know Jesus Christ only to have them reject the offer. They turned away from the Light of Christ. Every person can know Jesus Christ exists. Some people don’t believe Jesus exists. It’s a choice those people made. One other point of truth. Jesus Christ also reveals Himself to every person, and that clinches it. They know. They reject. They are willingly ignorant. Perhaps, some will turn to Christ someday. Maybe they’ll realize they have no path to truth in themselves. The Holy Spirit continues to proclaim Christ to you as you yield to the power of the Holy Spirit.

However, you must go beyond just knowing Jesus Christ exists. You need to learn how you can be conformed to His image and likeness. You need to know how you can overcome the fleshly nature and have Christ fully formed within. Then, you must yield to the Holy Spirit so God can fulfill this promise in you. You must submit to the point where you only say those words that He is saying through you and only do those acts He is doing through you.

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You must prove the premise.

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The premise is how you know the conclusion is true. Here’s an example:

Premise: If Jesus speaks to me, then Jesus is real. (proved by revelation)
Premise: Jesus speaks to me. (proved by revelation)
Conclusion: Therefore, I know Jesus is real.

Notice the premises are true. Notice the conclusion contains no information that wasn’t in the premises. That’s what’s meant by the conclusion following from the premises. When the form of logic is valid, the conclusion restates the premises. It can’t go beyond the premises. No new information was added secretly between the premises and the conclusion. Notice the premises prove the conclusion.

You can’t prove a conclusion based on a premise you haven’t proved any more than you can prove a conclusion based on a lie. You must prove the premise. You must know the premise is true. You may not have a way to prove the premise to anyone else, but you have to know it’s true. You need proof even if no one else can see the proof. You need to know. Here’s an example of true premises that prove the conclusion:

Premise: Jesus Christ speaks to me. He speaks through Scripture and the many means of divine revelation mentioned in Scripture. When He speaks, He imparts His faith to me. That faith is absolutely certain proof Jesus Christ exists. (all proved by revelation)
Conclusion: Therefore, Jesus Christ exists.

Some people say this doesn’t help them. They don’t believe what you tell them about your experiences with Christ. You can’t prove anything to anyone through logic. You may be able to convince them, but convincing isn’t the same as proving. And a skeptical person can always remain unconvinced. Only the Holy Spirit can speak truth into their hearts. The Holy Spirit may speak that truth through you, the Bible, or some other means. However, a skeptic or scoffer can easily resist the Holy Spirit. All who love truth listen to Jesus. People must see the proof themselves. And they can.

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How Christ is formed within

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Then said Jesus said . . . All that ever came before me are thieves and robbers: but the sheep did not hear them. . . . I am the good shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine. . . . And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd. . . . But ye believe not, because ye are not of my sheep, as I said unto you. My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me ~ John 10:7-27

This passage of Scripture gives the secret to the unity of the Church. “Them also I must bring and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd.” Precious few verses of Scripture tell you how God will answer the prayer of Jesus that you will all be one.

Another Scripture in Ephesians 4:11-13 tells you this:

And it was He who gave some to be apostles, some to be prophets, some to be evangelists, and some to be pastors and teachers, to equip the saints for works of ministry and to build up the body of Christ, until we all reach unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the Son of God, as we mature to the full measure of the stature of Christ. ~ Ephesians 4:11-13

This passage of Scripture explains what God is doing and how He is doing it. It shows you what you need to complete the work. What is that work? Read carefully and understand God’s process. Saints, believers, you and me, are being equipped so we can minister or serve effectively to build up the body of Christ. As the body of Christ builds itself up in love, you see it reaching unity in the faith and knowledge of the Son of God. Then, the body of Christ matures.

King James Version says it matures to a perfect (that is, a completely mature) man. It doesn’t say mature men and women, but the unity is so complete the body of Christ functions as a single person. And finally, it matures. It comes to the measure of the fullness of the stature of Christ. Every member of the body of Christ will have Christ fully formed within. This requires that each member listens closely to the leading of the Holy Spirit and yields to the righteousness of the Holy Spirit. As each member listens to the Holy Spirit, the Spirit will give the ability to discern the body of Christ. That submission to the grace of God and the righteousness of grace allows the Holy Spirit to plant the Seed of the Word (Christ) into the heart of each member. That’s how Christ is formed within.

Each will be in his or her place of ministry in total submission to the Head, Christ in Heaven. Each one will be joined to Christ. The body of Christ will move in perfect unity. This body will fulfill the Biblical order for the body of Christ. God is, even now, restoring His church from faith to faith and from glory to glory.

This is God’s endgame. This is the vision of the hope of what God is doing. This is your destiny and only place of satisfaction, peace, and fulfillment. And you and I can take part in it if we’re willing.

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God works everything to transfigure you into the image and likeness of Christ.

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If you love God and yield to Him, God orchestrates the entire universe to fulfill His good purpose to conform you into the image of Christ. God works all things together for that good purpose.

And we know that God works all things together for the good of those who love Him, who are called according to His purpose. For those God foreknew, He also predestined to be conformed to the image of His Son, so that He would be the firstborn among many brothers. ~ Romans 8:28-29

Sometimes, people quote Romans 8:28 as “all things work together for good.” Some people give you more context. They say God works all things together for good for those who love Him. Others give you even more context. They say it’s for those who are called according to God’s purpose. However, you must get the whole context. You can’t leave anything out. His purpose is that you will be conformed to the image of His Son. God works everything to transfigure you into the image and likeness of Christ. The fleshly nature must go. You must have Christ fully formed within. Each of you must become the ministry God ordained you to be. Christ in you is your ministry. Your ministry is Christ in you. God will form us into one body in unity. Each member must be in complete submission to the Head of the body. All the members must unite and submit to each other. And God has a plan for that.

God has a plan, and He has a pattern and process for executing His plan. Jesus prayed that we would all be one. That’s part of God’s plan for the church. Because the church has become divided, many have given up all hope of unity, but God has not given up hope. You see Satan’s plan in ecumenism, but that false unity doesn’t make God’s real unity any less real. God knows exactly how He’s going to bring His church to maturity and unity. Human efforts at unification are fruitless, but God has a way.

God’s purpose is to conform you to the image of His Son.

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The Unity and Fulfillment

God will restore the entire creation. He’ll do that at the end of the ages of the ages. That’s His final endgame. However, He also has an intermediate endgame for this present age. God’s purpose is to conform you to the image of His Son. Conforming to the image of Christ is closely related to two other events. Those events are His appearing and abiding presence in fullness. The eighth chapter of Romans gives you wonderful insight into God’s plan.

The creation waits in eager expectation for the revelation of the sons of God. For the creation was subjected to futility, not by its own will, but because of the One who subjected it, in hope that the creation itself will be set free from its bondage to decay and brought into the glorious freedom of the children of God. We know that the whole creation has been groaning together in the pains of childbirth until the present time. Not only that, but we ourselves, who have the firstfruits of the Spirit, groan inwardly as we wait eagerly for our adoption as sons, the redemption of our bodies. ~ Romans 8:19-23

“Revelation” is “apokalypsin” in Greek. It’s the removal of the veil. What is this veil? We’ve already defined it through Scripture. The veil is the flesh. The “revelation of the sons of God” is removing the flesh. It’s removing the fleshly nature. The “adoption as sons” is the “redemption of our bodies.” God is going to redeem your body. You’ll get a new spiritual body.

Now we know that if the earthly tent [physical body] we live in is dismantled, we have a building from God, an eternal house in heaven, not built by human hands. For in this tent we groan, longing to be clothed with our heavenly dwelling, because when we are clothed, we will not be found naked. So while we are in this tent, we groan under our burdens, because we do not wish to be unclothed but clothed, so that our mortality may be swallowed up by life. And God has prepared us for this very purpose and has given us the Spirit as a pledge of what is to come. ~ 2 Corinthians 5:1-5

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Don’t blame God or condemn yourself

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Discernment and Maturity

You could become discouraged. You may think God is leading a certain way, but it doesn’t work out. You may think you have a promise from God, but you don’t receive it. Then, you blame God or you condemn yourself. You may give up and think God isn’t leading you at all. Think about the term “leading of the Holy Spirit.” When you become discouraged you may think that term is just a euphemism. You may think it has no real meaning. Consider the songs you sing. Are they filled with meaningless poetic phrases?

He walks with me and He talks with me.

He leadeth me. He leadeth me.

Speak, O Lord, as you come to You

Open up your ears to hear Lead us in Your truth

Word of God speak

No, those phrases are loaded with deep and clear meaning.

Don’t give up. If you fail, get up and keep walking. You know God is faithful to complete the good work He started in you. God is leading you to maturity. Maturity isn’t instant. You need humility.

If you listen to Christ and walk according to the vision He gives you, you take a step in the right direction. You stay on the way, directed by Christ. The Holy Spirit builds the spiritual man (Christ) and demolishes the carnal man. You’re more mature in Christ, better able to tell the difference between good (God) and evil (the fallen human mind).

But solid food is for the mature, who by constant use have trained their senses to distinguish good from evil. ~ Hebrews 5:14

The prophet has spoken presumptuously.

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I may wish the church was more mature than it is. I would like to see the gifts of the Spirit operating at a higher level. I hear people who call themselves prophets foretelling the future. How do they react if they say something is going to happen and it doesn’t happen? Is there humility? Is there repentance? Do they confess their faults?

You may ask in your heart, “How can we recognize a message that the LORD has not spoken?” When a prophet speaks in the name of the LORD and the message does not come to pass or come true, that is a message the LORD has not spoken. The prophet has spoken presumptuously. Do not be afraid of him. ~ Deuteronomy 18:21 & 22

You could play it safe, but that’s not right. God doesn’t lead you to play it safe. If you play it safe when God gives you a word about the future or about some hidden knowledge, you are acting in disobedience. You may say, no one will know. God knows. You will not grow.

True prophets make mistakes. If a false prophecy deceives you, don’t be discouraged. The Holy Spirit must train your senses. If you heard a false prophecy or misheard God, let the Holy Spirit teach you. In this Scripture from Deuteronomy, the Holy Spirit is speaking to you. Listen. If a prophet makes a false prediction, what does the prophet do? Do they rationalize it away? Do they ignore it? Do the followers of the prophet forget it?

Learn. Repent. Seek God. Look for that deeper relationship where no deception lives.